The Habsburg Empire: Nationalism Resisted
- Vulnerable to every king of revolution: reject liberal institution, serfdom, across national lines.
- In 1840w, even Metternich urge reform, but none coming
- Confront rebellion in Vienna, Prague, Hungary, Italy
The Vienna Uprising
- Louis Kossuth, Maygar nationalist, member of Hungarian diet call for Hungarian independence and demand responsible ministry under Habsburg dynasty
- Inspired students led disturbance. Army failed; Metternich resigned and fled
- Feeble Emperor Ferdinand promise moderate liberal constitution
- Radical students from democratic clubs, unsatisfied
- Emperor and court flee to Innsbruck. Vienna government in committee of 200 proletariat sympathizers
- Fear serf uprising most. Already, come invade manors and burn property records/
- Emancipated serfs almost immediately after Vienna. Smother; serfs little reason to support urban revolutions
The Magyar Revolt
- Embolden Hungarians; Magyar leaders liberal, supported by nobles who wanted privileges guaranteed against Vienna government
- March Laws passes by the Diet
- Ferdinand approve because he couldn’t stop it
- Separate Hungarian state: local autonomy but Ferdinand still emperor
Czech Nationalism
- Bohemia, Moravia autonomous Slavic state similar to Hungary
- Conflict immediately between Czechs and Germans in region
- 1st Pan Slavic congress meet in Prague in June
Rebellion in Northern Italy
- Revolt in Milan
- Austrian General Count Radetezky retreated
- Rebels aided by King Charles Albert of Pirdmont – wanted to annex Lombardy
- Austrians lose until July, with reinforcement; Redetezky suppress revolt. Held Austrian position
- Vienna, Hungary recapture in summer
- Ferdinand, too feeble to govern, abdicate in favor of nephew Francis Joseph
Italy: Republicanism Defeated
- Italians hoped King Charles Albert of Piedmont drives Austrians and unify Italy. Defeat disappointed
- Liberal, nationalist hopes shift to Pope Pius 9
- Piedmont radicals force Charles Albert to continue patriotic war against Austria
- Pius 9 renounce liberalism. Became an arch conservative
Germany: Liberalism Frustrated
- Insurrections for Germany unity in Wurtemburg, Saxony, Hanover, Bavaria – King Ludwig 1 abdicate in favor of his son
- Major revolution in Prussia
Revolution in Prussia
- Disturbance in Berlin. Frederick William 4 believes foreign conspiracy; refused to use troops against Berliners, announce limited reforms. But several citizens killed 18 Mar at square near palace
- Still hesitant to use force; government divided and confused
- King called Prussia assembly to write constitution
- Made further concessions, imply Prussia help unify Germany. In practice, Prussia monarchy fallen.
- Appointed cabinet led by David Hansemann – widely respected moderate liberal
- Prussian constituent assembly radical and democratic. King, conservative supporters ignore it. Liveral ministry resigned; conservative one replaced it.
- Assembly dissolved; monarchy proclaims own constitution. Three-class voting: all adult males vote, but based on ability to pay taxes
The Frankfurt Parliament
- Intended to write moderately liberal constitution for united Germany
- Alienate conservatives and proletariats. Beginning of profound split between liberals and proletariats. Conservatives play on this division.
- Split on unification: grossdeutsch favor Austrian inclusion; kleinduetsch exclusion. Prevail because Austria rejects German unification – too many other nationality problems. Looked in Prussia for leadership
- Constitution. Offered crown of united Germany to Frederick William 4, but rejected: rule by grace of God, not permission of man
- Liberals prove hesitant, awkward, unrealistic, dependent on army of monarchy
- Revolutions tended franchise in some German states and established conservative constitutions. Far cry from March 1848 hopes.
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